In Ancient Greece, The Most Feared Named Was Sparta. It Was A Total Wa Essay Example For Students

In Ancient Greece, The Most Feared Named Was Sparta. It Was A Total Wa Essay r machine ready to take on any and all individuals. They transcended the rest by being all around restrained and taught. The man who presented to them this magnificence was Lycergus. Like any extraordinary pioneer he was optimistic. His fundamental objective was to change Sparta into a total city state. It is accepted that he was conceived between the eighth and tenth century. Most history specialists dont accept he existed by any means. He was from the Eurypontid house which was one of two places of Royality. It is thought by numerous that he may have been King. Verifiably he was one of the extraordinary masterminds. Among his numerous achievements, Lycergus was liable for the Spartan Council of Elders, iron coinage, and the instruction of the whole populace. The Spartans credited all organizations and their Constitution to Lycergus. He built up their exacting military style and convictions. He felt it was essential to have a total individual. It is difficult to find a more beneficial or all the more totally created individual, genuinely, than a Spartan. Lycergus felt that guardians ought to reserve the option to rebuff others youngsters. Along these lines he felt that kids would regard all grown-ups. In general, he contributed more than any other person to Spartan culture. That is the reason he is known as the Father of Spartan Law. A significant number of the manners in which that we keep our bodies sound were proposed by Lycergus. Essentially, he felt that individuals ought to consistently do the best thing for their body and their locale.

Death of a Salesman is a Tragedy as Defined in Millers Tragedy and the

Passing of a Salesman is a Tragedy as Defined in Miller's Tragedy and the Common Man In Tragedy and the Common Man, Arthur Miller talks about his definition and rules for disaster as they apply to the basic man. The rules and gauges proposed by Miller might be utilized to assess his ageless work, Death of A Salesman. The principal significant standard of disaster put forward is:â â€Å"...if the commendation of disastrous activity were really a property of the high-reared character alone, it is incomprehensible that the mass of humanity ought to appreciate catastrophe over all other forms.† All people paying little mind to foundation, honorability height, rank, or imagined or genuine social division can naturally sympathize with the grievous saint. On account of Willy Loman there is a sure nature. He is the famous man down the square; for sure we may state in review the playâ normal man is sympathizing with regular man. Willy Loman is genuine. Where as some may comment, â€Å"I realize somebody like him,† maybe they may even observe themselves in him. Miller’s unpretentious wit of â€Å"Loman† and â€Å"layman† is intriguing in such manner. It is our nature with Willy Loman that is the charming quality which attracts us closer to him. Through, distinguishing proof with his battles and agonies we accomplish a valuation for his predicament. This recognizable proof is all inclusive. The all inclusiveness of distinguishing proof is, amongâ those perusing or review the play, a holding power for people of each station. Miller’s accomplishment in this point is reared from our own emotion for Willie Loman.  â â Another point by Miller is that, â€Å"the awful inclination is summoned in us when we are within the sight of a character who is happy to set out his life... to make sure about one thing-his feeling of individual dignity.† Willie Loman is tha... ...mething more prominent than himself, his picture, or his prosperity. He is persuaded by his adoration for his son.â Therefore, since his essential center is past himself, it subsequently hoists him. He takes advantage of and is as needs be dressed withâ the loftiness disaster.  â â Considering the focuses talked about here in this paper, which is in no way, shape or form an extensive examination of Miller’s article, a few inquiries are brought up in my psyche. Did Arthur Miller furnish us with this article as a reaction or barrier of Death of a Salesman? Is it true that he is attempting to legitimize his work by remolding the meaning of disaster to legitimize and hoist this play? Whatever the case unmistakably Death of a Salesman fits the model set out by Miller in Tragedy and the Common Man. Mill operator, Arthur. Disaster and the Common Man. Weales, Gerald, ed. Passing of a Salesman: Text and Criticism. New York: Penguin Books 1996.

Ring Committee Wrap Up

Ring Committee Wrap Up The class of 2011 all got this e-mail this morning: Class of 2011, Congratulations on completing your first year at MIT! It has been a tough year, filled with its ups and downs, and we hope that all of you are enjoying this well-deserved summer break thoroughly. Towards the end of the school year, the class council announced its decision of a ring committee selected through an application and interview process, and many of you responded, pointing out the lack of east campus representation. The ensuing debate and class-wide discussion about why this happened and how it could be rectified continued for a number of days, and due to finals and other end-of-year items that were on everybodys mind, this discussion has continued into the summer as well. Over the past few weeks, class council has been engaged in this discussion with members of the class of 2011, the current Ring Committee, and the MIT administration, and while we maintain that our application and interview process was fair, we have recognized that the committee that resulted from this process did indeed lack East Campus representation, and after much deliberation, we have decided to add a 13th member to the Ring Committee. This additional member will be selected by interview from the list of EC, Random Hall, Bexley, and Senior House residents that had originally applied for the Ring Committee. The candidates for this position will be notified this week, and their interviews will be held via conference call (phone) starting later this week. We realize that during the summer, some of the candidates may be on vacation and unavailable, but we assure you that this important decision will not be made until every candidate has been interviewed. If it were possible to do so, we would conduct this interview process in the Fall, when each candidate would be available for in-person interviews. However, the Ring Committee will be having some important discussions this summer, and it is in the current Ring Committees and the 13th members best interest for the committee to be finalized as soon as possible, so that the new member can be a part of the important decisions that will be made prior to the start of the school year. Finally, with all that said, all of us on class council would like to thank you for taking so much interest in this process, for reading our many emails, and for responding. Now, it is our hope that the selection process for the 13th member will go smoothly and that the final Ring Committee will be announced in the very near future. In the meantime, if you have any questions or concerns, please feel free to direct them to 2011council [at] mit [dot] edu. Thanks for your patience, and have a restful and satisfying summer! Sincerely, Your 2011 Class Council Daniel, Anshul, Lulu, Sivakami, Sheena, May, Jeff, Emma Post Tagged #Brass Rat

Essay on How Does the Constitution Guard Against Tyranny

How did the Constitution guard against tyranny? Tyranny is means ‘as harsh absolute power in the hands of one individual’; it has happened everywhere. Whatever the size or shape, tyranny is a problem because it means too much power in the hands of one person or group. In 1787, Representatives from almost all the states in the U.S, met in Philadelphia to fix the issue of tyranny. The House presents us to â€Å"The Articles of Confederation† to help guard against tyranny. The Constitution guarded against tyranny in ways such as having the federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances, and the large and small states both treated equally. The first guard against tyranny was Federalism; a system of government in which power is divided†¦show more content†¦Another way to guard against tyranny was the checks and balances; that all the different branches of government can disagree with something that another branch is doing in order to keep everything in the government fair. One way that the constitution shows this is when it is put that the other branches can veto something that another branch is doing because it may be unconstitutional. (Document C) Checks and balances protects against tyranny because it make sure that one group in the government can do anything that would be unconstitutional. (Document C) For example, ‘congress can approve presidential nominations and impeach the President from office, but the President can veto a Congressional legislation. (Document C) Another example is the president nominates judges, but the Court can declare presidential acts unconstitutional. (Document C) Another ex ample is the court can declare laws unconstitutional, but congress can impeach judges. (Document C) Checks and Balances protect against tyranny. The fourth guard against tyranny was big states and small states compromise which means that the size of a state should have a input on whether it has more say in the government than one less of it size. Document D shows that this is in theShow MoreRelatedThe Constitution Of The United States1164 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge III. The way he ruled was filled with tyranny, which is the overruling of an individual or group. King George and other tyrants were people with too much power, making the colonies and anyone under their rule an utter nightmare. Luckily, we don’t have this because of the Constitution, which protects America from tyranny. A constitution in general is a set of basic principles that determines the powers and duties of a government. The Constitution was written in May of 1787 in Philadelphia becauseRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1453 Words   |  6 PagesThe Constitution of the United States of America was presented in 1787, pertaining to a new ly formed government and how the former colonists of England projected to run a new country. The Constitution was drafted in Philadelphia by the brilliant and later 4th President of the United States, James Madison. This document was presented to ameliorate the Articles of Confederation, written in 1777, that contained a weak central government and no chief executive or court system. Another intention of theRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States Of America1620 Words   |  7 Pageslegislature. ¨ The constitution, signed on September 17, 1787, created a bicameral national legislature, containing two separate chambers, The Senate and The House of Representatives. While Colonists had rebelled against British rule during the Revolutionary War, they drew out ideas about a new government centered around and pertaining to their experiences as British subjects. During this time it was obvious to why the delegates needed and formed an entirely different government. The constitutio n s preambleRead MoreHow Did the Constitution Guard Against Tyranny?1299 Words   |  6 Pagesbroken system in place, why was it important that a group of wealthy, white men from the thirteen original states, except for Rhode Island, frame a government that would be strong enough to serve the new nation, but not create any form of tyranny? The first constitution, The Articles of Confederation, was an agreement among all thirteen states that was drafted on July 12, 1776 and completed its formal ratification in March of 1781. It allowed thirteen states to set up central organizations to overseeRead MoreConstitution Worksheet Essay1712 Words   |  7 PagesPOS-301: Principles and Articles of the United States Constitution Worksheet Part I: Principles of the Constitution The constitution consists of some primary principles. Briefly explain the following principles and their significance in shaping American government. * Self-Government: Is the most important principle in the Constitution of the United States and refers to the need to have a system which would make sure that everyone has a voice in the local, state and national governmentsRead MoreFreedom : Freedom Of Speech And Freedom Of Speech1167 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Guay CIV ESSAY TWO OUTLINE: One of the most complex things in establishing in a government is determining how much freedom the citizens in a society has. Throughout history we have seen many different type of governments that include North Koreas’ dictatorship to the United States that has a government based on principles of democracy. In societies that have democratic governments such as the United States, England, France, and many other western European countries, the citizens haveRead More Freedom of Speech and Expression and Responsibility Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesFreedom of Speech and Responsibility       No matter how fervently someone believes in the justice of his cause, suppression of the free exchange of ideas is failure at best or downright wrong. The power or might behind an idea does not make the idea right. Many powerful people throughout history have been wrong. Few people, if any, would judge Mr. Smith Goes to Washington to be subversive or wrong. In 1939 Ambassador Kennedy was so caught up in the fears of the times that he was willing toRead MoreHenry David Thoreau s Civil Disobedience1124 Words   |  5 PagesDisobedience, he explains how he does not like civilized societies because of the unjust laws, but I feel that is what keeps everyone s rights of freedom in check. Living in a civilized society ensures everyone s rights due to the United States Constitution. For example, the first Amendment provides rights, such as the exercise of Freedom of Speech, The Press, The Right of the People, Peaceability to Assemble, and to Petition the Government for a Redress of G rievances. Thoreau does not like slaveryRead MoreThe Importance of the Electoral College and Its Effectiveness in Todays World1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of the Electoral College and Its Effectiveness in Todays World When the Constitutional Convention gathered in 1784 they had the difficult task of determining how our government should be assembled and what systems we should use to elect them. They quickly decided congress should have the powers to pass laws and the people should elect these people to ensure they are following the will of the people. But who should elect the president? Congress was the initial choice of mostRead MorePersuasive Essay On Bear Arms1201 Words   |  5 PagesSecond Amendment from the United States Constitution states: A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. According to the Second Amendment it grants U.S. citizens the right to bear arms, but it was written during a very different time when the United States was becoming an independent country from England, establishing a government and creating a constitution for the people. During that time, there

Frederick Douglass Argument On Slavery - 819 Words

Slavery was extremely common throughout the southern culture. In the 1800s, many slave owners thought it fair for Africans to work without pay, because they believed that this particular group of people were destined with no future of any sort, and that slave owners were ever caring of their slaves in any way , making slavery a tough life; be that as it may, Frederick Douglasss Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave brings forth to many of the injustices that African Americans were forced to face in the 1800s under Southern slavery. The narrative of Douglasss life is presented in a way that makes a captivative argument against the establishment of slavery, told within anecdotes, graphic details and inhumane†¦show more content†¦As Douglass told â€Å" Some years ago, when you were beginning to tell me your real name and birthplace, you may remember I stopped you, and preferred to remain ignorant of all†,only in this case to the upcoming genera tions of the slaves and their children as they grow older, were prevented from learning how to read and write, as literacy would give them a sense of self‑sufficiency and capability. Ignorance was severely displayed throughout the narrative. The slave owners believed that there is no need to give privileges to the slaves because they dont have a future in where they can put these privileges to use.The slaves are required to behave in a particular manner when they are interacting with their masters. Slave masters regulate fears among the slaves, since it keeps the slaves under ‘control’. When they speak the truth, they are punished by their owners. As a child Frederick Douglass was introduced to the acts of violence towards slaves including the beatings as too common amongst them. He mentioned â€Å" I have often been awakened at the down of the day by the most heart-rendering shrieks of an own aunt of mine, whom he used to tie up to a joist, and whip upon her naked back till she was literally covered with blood†. The total disrespect by slaveholders towards the slaveShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagesessential means of life was slavery. In the novel, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass challenges and debunks the idea of slavery being a necessary part of the white lifestyle; many pro-slavery arguments consisted of religion justifying slavery, slaves being â€Å"easily manipulated†/ignorant, and slavery keeping the southern economy from disappearing (The Proslavery Argument). Frederick uses personal experiences and other tactics to expose the truth behind slavery to those abolitionistsRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Frederick Douglass s `` Why The Slave Is The Fourth Of July ``1007 Words   |  5 PagesFrederick Douglass touches on the fight for African-American rights in the 1852 America in his writingâ€Å"What to the Slave is the Fourth of July† speech, he uses rhetorical devices in order to build and establish an argument. In his speech, his intention is to make slavery completely abolished . Frederick Douglass believes that America’s independence celebration on the fourth of July is not right when not all American’s truly have that right because of slavery. Through his use of three rhetoricalRead MoreKey Arguments in The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass1154 Words   |  5 Pagesof key arguments in â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†. A few of which include inequality, education, and Christianity as the keys to freedom in terms of its true values wit hin the institution of slavery. While Frederick Douglass made some key arguments, he also made common ground to make his appeal for the abolition of slavery. One of the key arguments in â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass† as well as in other narratives about slaves is inequality. Douglass attemptsRead More Frederick Douglass Essays505 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave is an account of Frederick Douglass’ life written in a very detached and objective tone. You might find this tone normal for a historical account of the events of someone’s life if not for the fact that the narrative was written by Frederick Douglass himself. In light of the fact that Douglass wrote his autobiography as a treatise in support of the abolishment of slavery, the removed tone was an effective tone. It gave force to his argument that slaveryRead MoreFrederick Douglass : A Revolutionary Leader And Pioneer1617 Words   |  7 PagesLife histoory of Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass, social reformer of an African American descent, was an orator, writer, statesman, abolitionist movement leader. He was born in 1818 in Talbot County in the United States in the area of Maryland. He gained prominence because of his extraordinary oratory skills. His antislavery writings were appreciated across America, particularly when he pointed out that the slaves lacked the basic intellectual rights to perform as the independent AmericanRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesAnnotated Bibliography Boxill, Bernard. Frederick Douglass’s Patriotism. Journal of Ethics 13.4 (2009): 301-317. EBSCO. Web. 19 Oct 2015. Bernard argues that Frederick Douglass always was a patriot even throughout slavery. He states that most Americans are patriots even if they do not agree with the politics, but rather just a love for their country. It talks about Americans who give selfless amounts of time toward the improvement of America. Buccola, Nicholas. Each for All and All for Each:Read MoreEssay on Frederick Douglas1606 Words   |  7 PagesPaper on Frederick Douglass In the 1800s, slavery was a predominant issue in the United States, one that most Americans in the South dealt with daily. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass reveals much about American history during the time of slavery as well as expounds arguments for the abolition of slavery. As a historical document, it conveys information about the slave family, work, the master-slave relationship, and the treatment and living conditions of slaves. As an antislaveryRead MoreNarrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay1226 Words   |  5 PagesFrederick Douglass was born in Maryland in 1818 as a slave to a maritime captain, Captain Anthony. After decades of enslavement, Frederick Douglass escaped to the North and became one of the prominent members and drivers of the abolitionist movement. In an effort to provide an eye-opening account of the harsh treatment of slaves, Douglass wrote Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. In his autobiography, Frederick Douglass detai led his life beginning from his meager early years through hisRead More Response of Fredrick Douglass to Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe964 Words   |  4 PagesFredrick Douglass Response to Uncle Toms Cabin      Ã‚   Frederick Douglass was arguably the most prominent African American abolitionist during the mid-19th century. He established his notoriety through his narrative entitled Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave published in 1845. Frederick Douglass also produced an African American newspaper, Frederick Douglass Paper, which highlighted the reception and critiques of Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin. FrederickRead MoreFrederick Douglass Process Essay1012 Words   |  4 PagesDouglass Process Essay Slavery has always been one of the most, if not the most, shocking phenomenons of our world. Slavery, by itself seems very unnatural and entices mixed feelings various different people especially in our country during the 1800s which had been divided into the north and south due to this controversial issue. In the north, for the most part, people had believed that slaves had the right to be free and slavery was unjust which is why it was abolished in 1804. This differed from

Prophet Muhammad as Role Model for Religious Teachers Free Essays

ENGLISH ESSAY: PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PBUH) AS A ROLE MODEL FOR RELIGIOUS TEACHERS Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is the example par excellence for his ummah, especially for religious teachers with his good example and noble personality. His behavior in all cases is the behavior that is not contrary with the Qur’an, in fact his behavior reflects the contents of the Qur’an such as his patient, sincere and forgiving character. In education, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) has provided many lessons especially for religious teachers which can be applied on students. We will write a custom essay sample on Prophet Muhammad as Role Model for Religious Teachers or any similar topic only for you Order Now Firstly, as religious teachers we must always be patient as was done by Prophet Muhammad when he was performing prayers and Uqbah bin Abi Muit threw waste on him where he did not get angry instead He continued His prayer. Therefore, accept the students behaviour in whatever manner they are. Secondly, teaching sincerely is very important for religious teachers in which we should not hope for any rewards, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said, â€Å"Verily Allah will not accept charity unless the charity is exercised in good faith and done solely to please Allah. † Even Prophet Muhammad did not hope for any material rewards when delivering knowledge. Lastly, we must emulate the forgiving character of Prophet Muhammad where He was tested by a Jewish woman who tried to poison Him and He forgave her instead of having a grudge against the her. So as religious teachers, we have to forgive our students for whatever mistakes they make to guide them to seek Allah’s pleasure and Grace. In conclusion, religious education would be pointless if the teachers themselves behave badly. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) exemplary conduct is the one and only to emulate to help us perform our duties as religious teachers effectively in order to get Allah’s Blessings. (281 words) How to cite Prophet Muhammad as Role Model for Religious Teachers, Essay examples

Your Work Role free essay sample

Assistant which is stated in my contract of employment that the work place has provided together with the Employee Handbook. The terms and conditions of your employment are a statement and instruction of what the employers expect of their staff and your job description. Employers expect their staff to read and follow the policy and procedures that the home provided. My contract of employment clarifies my hours of work per work, then it explains that I may need to cover call outs and to work additional hours when authorised. Furthermore the contract states my wage per hour which is payable every fortnight in my bank account. Annual holiday year is written in there as well which allows me to know my paid holiday entitlement, along with the public/bank holidays informing me that it is a condition of employment that I will have to work on these days when required to do so. We will write a custom essay sample on Your Work Role or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lastly my contract of employment tells me about: Sickness pay and Conditions Disciplinary rules and Procedures Disciplinary Appeal Procedure Grievance Procedure Notice of termination to be given by Employer Notice of termination to be given by Employee Pension and Pension Scheme The information which needs to be shown on my payslip are: Company name Employees name Tax code N. I code National insurance number Pay date Payment week Payment method Employee number Net pay Employer PAYE REF Holidays These are the two changes to personal information which must be reported to your employer: Change of address Change of Bank account details The grievance should be raised either verbally or in writing with the manager or senior care. This should be confidential providing full details. If the manager or senior aren’t satisfied with the reason for the grievance then the matter should be referred to the home owner whose decision will be final.

Communication Passing Information from One to Another Essay Example

Communication: Passing Information from One to Another Essay Communication is a term for passing information from one to another; this can be done physically, verbally, visually and also technologically for example email. Physical communication requires one to physically send a message for example a hand shake to say thanks, this message can also be passed on verbally and technologically. Visual communication requires usually involves demonstration sometimes mixed with verbal communication to help learners understand or stay more focused. Effective immunization is when both person has successfully passed and anticipated the information, effective communication requires clear straight forward information being passed on to another person who is paying attention and taking in everything said for example Communication in HOSE is required this is because in a care home the nurses will need to understand the paintings problems minored to provide assistance and help them recover from that problem, without communication itll be really hard to understand a patient. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication: Passing Information from One to Another specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Communication: Passing Information from One to Another specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Communication: Passing Information from One to Another specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Communication is a term of really hard to understand a patient. R passing information from one to another; this can be done physically, verbally, visually and also technologically for example email. Physical communication requires one to physically send a message for example a hand shake to say thanks, this message can also be passed on verbally and technologically. Visual communication requires usually involves demonstration sometimes really hard to understand a patient. Sees mixed with verbal communication to help earners understand or stay more focused. Effective communication is when both person has successfully passed and anticipated the information, effective communication requires clear straight forward information being passed on to another person who is paying attention and taking in everything said for example Communication in HOSE is required this is because in a care home the nurses will need to understand the paintings problems minored to provide assistance and help unde rstand a patient.

TDA 3.1 Communication and professional relationships with children, young people and adults Essay Essays

TDA 3.1 Communication and professional relationships with children, young people and adults Essay Essays TDA 3.1 Communication and professional relationships with children, young people and adults Essay Essay TDA 3.1 Communication and professional relationships with children, young people and adults Essay Essay Essay Topic: Adults Effective communicating is really of import. It helps develop positive relationships that benefit the kids and let them to take part and larn within the scene. It is besides of import in many other ways ; It prevents misinterpretations that can take to bad-feelings and/or bad working relationships. It can assist prosecute and affect parents/carers in their child’s acquisition. If we model effectual communicating skills the kids are more likely to follow and to understand what is acceptable. It means of import information will be passed on to the relevant people e. g. If a kid has a medical status such as asthma and needs an inhalator at certain times. All staff who may work with the kid must be made cognizant of this. Positive relationships don’t merely exist. they must be built. In order to pass on efficaciously you must believe about the manner you relate to others. Communication is more than merely what you say. Often non-verbal communicating speaks the loudest yet it is that that we are least cognizant of. The chief signifiers of this are body linguistic communication. facial looks. gestures and position. For illustration. you are speaking to a new parent about how their kid has settled in and you say â€Å"She is making really good and has made tonss of friends† but you stand with your weaponries folded. avoiding eye-contact and glowering. Alternatively of being re-assured the parent is likely to experience disquieted and disquieted. Principles of relationship edifice E?ective communicating – This is the most of import point and should travel hand-in-hand with all other rules. Showing respect – Listen to and esteem other people’s point of position. If you show esteem to others it is likely they will esteem you. Bing considerate – Be understanding about possible factors behind people’s behaviors and don’t be excessively speedy to do opinions. Remembering issues which are personal to them – A good manner of constructing positive relationships is to demo an involvement in things that are of import to others. Be clear on cardinal points – Nods of the caput and reiterating words/phrases show that you are clear on what is being said. When you are giving information guarantee that the other individual understands. For illustration. if speech production to a immature kid inquire them to reiterate what you have said.Active listening – Listening is a accomplishment and requires a certain sum of self-denial. You have to disregard your ain demands and concentrate on the individual speech production. You must pay attending to what is being said and follow it closely. Make eye-contact and maintain your organic structure unfastened. Sometimes you need to accommodate the manner you communicate depending on the state of affairs ; Different civilizations Some civilizations have different norms on what is violative or polite. It is of import to understand this but guarantee you do non presume or pigeonhole. Where possible you should seek to hold an consciousness of the culturally acceptable behavior of the individual you are pass oning with and accommodate your attack consequently. For illustration. if it is non acceptable to them to hold eye-contact bashs non maintain seeking to make this. Besides be cognizant of linguistic communication barriers. You may necessitate to utilize other non-verbal signifiers of communicating to guarantee they understand. Social and professional contexts You should do certain you use the appropriate linguistic communication and behavior dependent on the state of affairs. For illustration. if you were in a meeting with a parent and other professionals you would talk a batch more officially than you would in the staffroom at suppertime. You should besides retrieve other factors such as your organic structure linguistic communication and the manner you dress. Other signifiers of communicating Non-spoken signifiers of communicating can be mis-read. Be certain to be clear and prompt when reacting to electronic mails or phone messages. If you are diffident of the message ask inquiries or para-phrase. It is frequently utile to do notes as you may necessitate to go through the message on or mention back to it at a ulterior day of the month. Skills needed to pass on with kids and immature people Children learn how to pass on by illustration and by the responses of others. All kids should hold the chance to show their ideas and sentiments and be listened to. You should guarantee you give them sufficient clip to make this. Just stating you are listening isn’t plenty. You should demo that you are interested in what they are stating by giving them your full attending. It is of import to demo you are accessible. Use positive organic structure linguistic communication and facial looks. Speak to kids on their degree and repetition cardinal words to demo your apprehension. It may be necessary to oppugn them farther. if this is the instance give them clip to reply. Children may miss assurance and may necessitate to be prompted. Adapting communicating for kids Some kids may hold trouble pass oning ; thought should be given to single demands. You may hold kids who have a address hindrance or have English as a 2nd linguistic communication. You should give them plentifulness of clip to talk so as non to do them experience pressurised. Some kids may non be given clip to speak outside of school and may experience dying. Others may miss assurance. Gently prompt kids to fall in in treatments. inquire them open-ended inquiries and promote kids to take bends in speech production and hearing. Always be aware of the age and/or phase of the kids. You will necessitate to accommodate your vocabulary and the manner you respond. For illustration. older kids may be offended if they think you are talking to them ‘like a kid. ’ Although it is of import to develop positive relationships through communicating you should guarantee that you remain professional. When the kids are on undertaking you should seek to forestall breaks and maintain the conversation to make with the activity. In other state of affairss give the kids clip to speak freely but ever keep boundaries. Communicating with grownups and children/young peopleAdaptations for children/Young PeoplesSimilaritiesMaintain carer to child relationship and remain formal.Maintain oculus contactCommunicate what is expected of them.Respond to what is saidAge/stage appropriateShow involvementEnsure they understand.Positive organic structure linguistic communicationDon’t promote physical contact.Active hearingGive congratulations and encouragement Sometimes you may meet grownups who have different communicating demands and will necessitate to accommodate the manner you communicate with them consequently ; Hearing impaired – Face them and keep eye-contact as they may necessitate to lip read. Use manus gestures to heighten what you are stating. Write down of import information. English as an extra linguistic communication – You may necessitate a transcriber. Sometimes if the kid is older they can interpret messages. If there isn’t a transcriber available speak slowly and clearly. Visually impaired- Often schools send out letters and signifiers to parents. These may necessitate to be in big print or Braille or you may necessitate to talk to the parent/carer straight. Disagreements Disagreements are frequently down to miscommunication. There may hold been a misconstruing with a member of staff. information may hold been perceived wrongly or it may be differences of sentiment. Sometimes dissensions occur with parents. This could be due to information non being passed on. a deficiency of clip to speak at the start/end of the twenty-four hours or different positions to how state of affairss should be dealt with. It is of import that any dissensions are resolved every bit rapidly as possible so as to keep positive relationships. Children pick up on negativeness and it makes an uncomfortable environment for all. You should speak merely with the individual involved and happen a manner frontward. Make non disregard the job as the longer it is allowed to travel on the more hard it will be to decide. Confidentiality. information protection and the revelation of information All grownups that work in a school environment should be cognizant of the statute law sing confide ntiality and information protection. Data Protection Act 1998 It is indispensable for schools to keep certain information so that kids can be cared for efficaciously. This may include ; Health or medical records Records from old schools Records for kids with particular educational demands Any administration which holds information on persons demands to be registered with the information commissioner. This is designed to guarantee that confidential information can non be passed on to others without the persons consent. The eight rules of pattern are that information must be: Processed reasonably and legitimately Used merely for the intent for which it was gatheredAdequate. relevant and non inordinateAccurate and kept up to day of the month where necessaryKept for no longer than necessaryProcessed in line with the individual’s rightsKept secure Not transferred outside the European Union without equal protection As a instruction helper I have entree to a broad scope of information about the kids in my attention. I guarantee that I keep all information confidential unless otherwise necessary and if I am diffident I speak with my line director. Sometimes when people think of go throughing on confidential information they think of to other grownups outside of school but it involves professionals. other parents and even other kids in the school. Any of these would be a breach of confidentiality. ConfidentialityIn some cases parents may be wary about giving out private/personal information that the school demands. In this case every attempt should be made to reassure them about confidentiality and that the information will non be passed onto anyone else without their permission. Each school should besides hold a confidentiality policy that can be referred to. Sometimes you may go to meetings with other professionals. Parental consent should be gained before any information about the child/family is shared unless the kid is ‘at risk’ or there is a legal duty on the school to unwrap such information. You must be aware of pupils. assistants or visitants in the school and what information is revealed in their presence. Some information must be passed on such as if a kid is wheezing or has an allergic reaction but the bulk of information should be on a demand to cognize footing. It is ever of import to retrieve there may be a state of affairs where you will necessitate to state others. If a kid confides in you about certain issues and you suspect child maltreatment or that the kid may be ‘at risk’ you should guarantee the kid knows that you can non maintain the information confidential. You must go through the information on to the delegated individual. In instances such as this you should makes notes on what the kid has told you and let them to talk freely but do non force them for information or inquire prima inquiries.

The Airbus Way Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Airbus Way - Assignment Example The paper has further disclosed the main reason underlying behind the failure of a merger agreement between the European Aeronautic Defence and Space (EADS) and British Aircraft Marconi Electronic (BAE) system. The national and organizational culture has been recognized to be significantly correlated with each other as both of these cultures impose both positive along with negative impact upon the performance of different organizations. According to the present rapid development of the business environment, the modern organizations intend to focus more upon internationalization process while making different business transactions with the intention of expanding their businesses (Park, 1997). From the perspective of Airbus and its global business operations, the organization considerably tends to emphasize upon promoting its cultural diversity while performing business operations in the foreign countries. The organization maintains several effective workforce diversity-based programmes in excess of 100 nations with 55,000 employees. It has been viewed that the employees of the organization shares information and connects each other from different cultural backgrounds irrespective of age, sex , race, ethnicity as well as experience and abilities. The organization often seeks to acquire mix ideas and knowledge from different people belonging to the diverse culture in order to accomplish superior competitive position over its chief business market contenders (Airbus, 2013). This paper intends to discuss the application of two cross-cultural comparative models to Airbus in order to analyze as well as evaluate the impact of national culture issues on the organization’s own culture. Various aspects that include the problems of cultural diversity that has created for Airbus and the identification to what extent the cultural differences may have contributed to the recent failure of the planned merger between Airbus’ parent company EADS and BAE Systems.

Evidence based practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Evidence based practice - Essay Example DEFINITIONS AND BRIEF IMPORTANCE OF CLINICAL PRACTICE The term evidence-based practice (EBP) or empirically-supported treatment (EST) refers to preferential use of mental and behavioral health interventions for which systematic empirical research has provided evidence of statistically significant effectiveness as treatments for specific problems. (Thomas & Pring, 2005) A way in which this benefits medicine would be in studying the effects of cannabis. This drug has been found to share commonality with schizophrenia. Immunology research has found common receptors located in in immune cells, spleen macrophages, to be specific. These have the ability to alter immune cell migration and cytokine-release within body tissues and in the brain, these receptors tend to be abnormal in schizophrenia patients. More findings that hint at a larger relationship between, not cannabis itself – but receptors it depends on, and a biological predisposition towards schizophrenia. Research such as t his can bring nurses and medical technologists more fully into the treatment of psychiatric care. (Cabral & Staab, 2005) (Gong et al, 2006) An additional definition would be: "Evidence based medicine is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. â€Å"Sackett et al's (1996, 71-72) And in this clinicians must integrate personal clinical expertise with the most cutting-edge external clinical evidence from systematic research. Another vital factor in Evidence-based practice is quality or performance improvement; how to streamline services in order to maximize the most efficient use of resources? (Bayea & Slattery, 2006) By definition: Performance Improvement (PI) is a method for analyzing performance problems and setting up systems to ensure good performance. PI is applied most effectively to groups of workers within the same organization or performing similar jobs. (Intrahealth.org 2011) A possibl e example would be to make systematized evaluations of patient needs based on probabilities. For instance, schizophrenics have a 25% higher proclivity towards illicit drug abuse than the general population. (Jablensky, 2000) Also, in studies of the neuropathology of the psychiatric disorder schizophrenia, findings have emerged which link the condition to brain receptors that are actually susceptible to molecules of cannabis. Schizophrenia is a challenging psychiatric disorder with a lifetime prevalence of 0.4% amongst the general population. (Desfosses et al. 2010) This can inform clinical choices, and influence the circumstances under which certain batteries of tests are ordered, and for whom, saving time and money. PART 2 ASPECT OF PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE AND RATIONALE I have chosen for the exploration of Evidence-based Practice a linkage between susceptibility to cannabis, and the neurological disorder, schizophrenia. Clinical research has established a connection, and where such a ssociations occur, it behooves clinicians to explore the phenomenon to aid diagnostic tools. Among the atypical antipsychotics used to treat schizophrenia, there are risks factors. Among these medications is clozapine (Clozaril). It is a

Assess one sociological theory of religion

Assess one sociological theory of religion Using examples critically assess one sociological theory of religion In most traditional societies, religion is an important form of social togetherness. It augments a feeling of community and promotes a set of shared values and beliefs in some form of god. Religion also plays a central role in cultural life; people often synthesize religious symbols and rituals into the material and artistic culture of the society: literature, storytelling, painting, music, and dance. It is the focus of the society that is of interest to religious sociologists, in particular theories concerning the way religious behaviour differs between and within societies. Beckford notes that theories revolving around how social interaction benefits or holds back societies, has made sociology a renowned area of study. In order to establish a fundamental starting point in this thesis, the foundations of sociology and the sociology of religion will be described in context. Furthermore, it will discuss, in some detail, the sociological theoretical approach of functionalism by sociologists; a critical analysis will aim to show the differences in their approaches to functionalism and will include supporting and critical statements from preceding and subsequent sociological theorists. Sociologists generally define religion as a codified set of moral beliefs concerning sacred things and rules governing the behaviour of believers who form a spiritual community . Auguste Comte (1798 1857) describes sociology as the study of human societies. A classical view is that, it is a social science that, uses varied methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis, and is often used to develop theory about human social activity. The sociology of religion therefore takes into account the aforementioned and a lso includes the practices, historical backgrounds, developments, universal themes and roles of religion in society. Jones (2003) describes Comte as the first to proclaim the virtues of an empirically based social science, a type of sociology that would have enormous implications for someone like Comte, who had been born during the aftermath of the French Revolution. Bilton et al (1996) explain this further: Positive social knowledge could offer the means for peaceful reconstruction of social order by the elite of enlightened scientists and intellectualsSocial change need not depend upon revolutionary violence and the manipulation of the mob Comte was able to make use of the new science for the progression of society and the re-establishment of order as well as being able to apply the positive method to social theory . Comte and his fellow Frenchman Durkheim are said to be the forerunners in creating the discipline of sociology. Thompson (1982) describes Comte as giving the subject its name and an ambitious prospectus, whilst Durkheim gave it, academic credibility and influence. Functionalist sociologists focus their attention on the nature of institutional relationships in society. To understand this further, one can use Talcott Parsons functionalist ideas as an example. Parsons, [who supported functionalism in the United States] used the functionalist perspective to group institutions in society into four related functional sub-systems; economic, political, kinship, and cultural. This theory stressed the importance of interdependence among all behaviour patterns and institutions within a social system to its long-term survival. In a similar way Durkheim In trying to explain the value of social and cultural character, illuminated them in terms of their contribution to the operation of an overall system. Furthermore, Malinowski, who promoted functionalism in England, endorsed the idea that cultural practices had psychological and physiological functions, such as the reduction of fear and anxiety, and the satisfaction of desires. Another Englishman Radcliffe- Brown contended that, all instituted practices ultimately contribute to the maintenance, and hence the survival, of the entire social system, determining the character of inter-group relations. It is Parsons sub-system of culture that encompasses religion that we now turn to. A functional definition of religion is fundamentally based on the social structure and drawing together of people, it pays particular attention to how religion guides and influences the lives of people who are actively involved, and through this promotes unity and social cohesiveness. Durkheim believed and argued that, religion was a socially constructed institution, serving the needs of society by socialising members into the same norms, values and beliefs, therefore reinforcing the collective conscience upon which the stability of society rests. He looked in depth at the origins, meaning, and function of religion in society. His belief was that religion was not so much about God, but more about the consolidation of society and the sense of identity that this creates within a particular society. He fully believed that individuals who accepted their role within their own society develop a form of social conscience as part of that role, which Durkheim labels as the Conscience collecti ve, which in simpler terms could be labelled as, a common understanding. Published in 1921 and penned by Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, is renowned as the best-known study on the sociology of religion. Using secondary data, Durkheim studied native totemism in primitive Australian tribes, in effect the totem is a symbol that is an integral part of the group, and during ceremonies will be the magnet that draws everyone together to form a collective whole. Therefore, totemism in this instance is explained not in terms of what it is, [what the content of its doctrines and beliefs are] but what it does, that is, the function it performs for the social system. Durkheim claims that, the totem, the sacred object is a representation, by which society symbolises itself, which according to Fulcher and Scott, he believed to be the real basis of social solidarity. From his observations Durkheim developed his theory of the sacred and profane, believing that all things in society can be separated into these distinct categories, as a fundamental d ichotomy the sacred and profane are seen as two separate domains or worlds. For Durkheim the sacred meant the unity of the group embodied in symbols, as in his example of totems, the profane was more about the mundane or the individual, and less concerned with the group. However the British anthropologist Evans-Pritchard (1937) observed that sacred things may be profane at certain times, an example he gives is the case of the Azande , who, when their shrines were not in ritual use, were used as props to rest their spears. This analysis of the sacred and the profane was extended to all religions by Durkheim and his followers, making a focus on what is similar about what they each do, and about the integrative functions all these religions perform on their social systems. He therefore viewed religion within the context of the entire society and acknowledged its place in influencing the thinking and behaviour of the members of society. Furthermore he believed that order flowed from con sensus, from the existence of shared norms and values, for him the key cause of social upheaval stems from anomie, the lack of regulating norms. Without norms constraining behaviour, explains Durkheim, humans develop insatiable appetites, limitless desires and general feelings of irritation and dissatisfaction. Radcliffe-Brown continued Durkheims sociological perspective of society; he particularly focused on the institutions of kinship and descent and suggested that, at least in tribal societies, they determined the character of family organization, politics, economy, and inter-group relations. Thus, in structural-functionalist thought, individuals are not significant in and of themselves but only in terms of their social status: their position in patterns of social relations. When regarding religious ceremonies Radcliffe-Brown contends that ceremonies, for example, in the form of communal dancing, promoted unity and harmony and functioned to enhance social solidarity and the survival of the society, in this he agreed with another renowned anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski. Malinowskis functionalism was highly influential in the 1920s and 1930s, a British anthropologist, he conducted one of the first major studies of religion from an ethnocentric perspective, on the people of the Trobriand Islands. The first anthropologist to undertake a long-term piece of field research, Malinowski lived among the Trobriand islanders for four years. In studying the functions of religion in a small scale, he agreed with Durkheim that religion reinforced social norms, values and promoted social solidarity. Malinowski also believed that religion could relieve social anxiety and could provide a sense of security especially when people are faced with situations in which they have no control, an example Malinowski gives is based on his observation of the Trobriand islanders fishing in a calm lagoon, no religious practice was attached, however when faced with the perils of fishing in the open ocean, religious rituals were always performed. In this way Malinowski believed huma ns could exert a perceived control over a world in which they held no significant, individual power. This individual, perceived control can be seen to be used by people facing a personal crisis. Often in a situation where they have no control over the outcome, people will turn to religion looking for guidance and sanctuary; thereby giving them a sense of power. For Malinowski then, religion also helped to conciliate periods of life crises and events such as death, marriage and birth, these rituals, known as rites of passage are marked by ceremonies, that by their very nature, are a form of social togetherness that help to create social order and contentment. These rites however can be seen to be controlled in that to a certain extent one is prepared for new life, death and marriage, these events form part the circle of life and therefore come with some prior knowledge. Ceremonies that relate to these life events could be seen as a predictable common bond that will help to reinforce social solidarity. Malinowski argues that religion minimizes the disruption, in particular, of death. He believes that the assertion of immortality gives rise to feelings of comfort for the bereaved, whilst the act of a funeral ceremony binds the survivors together. Coser (1977) explains further: Religion can counter a sense of loss, which, as in the case of death, may be experienced on both the individual and the collective level therefore religion as a social institution serves to give meaning to mans existential predicaments by tying the individual to that supra-individual sphere of transcendent values which is ultimately rooted in his society. So far we have seen that collective or communal gatherings are generally aimed at promoting social solidarity and cohesion, this is backed by the empirical evidence offered by Malinowski in his study of the Trobriand Islands. Hamilton (1995) offers that these gatherings can also be interpreted as involving the recognition of divisions, conflict and disharmonies inherent in the society and rituals may be seen as a means of coping with and defusing them. Concerning Malinowskis empirical evidence, a contrasting point is noted by Casanova (1995) who questions functionalism on empirical grounds, he argues that religion does not provide consensus and unity, instead he says that most conflicts [an example he gives is the Iran/Iraq war] in society have religious foundations. Marxist sociologists also criticise functionalists on a theoretical level. Marx claims that religion does not create societal consensus, instead it creates conflict between those that have wealth in the ruling class and those that do not in the working class. Therefore according to Marx, the only norms and values that are conserved by religion are those of the ruling class. Functionalist theory could therefore be said to neglect the areas in which religion has been dysfunctional for society, whereby religious divisions have caused disruption and conflict rather than promoting social order. History provides numerous examples of this including the aforementioned Iran/Ira q dispute, Northern Ireland and Bosnia. An Extreme functionalist assessment of religion, declares William Stevens, is put forward by American sociologist Robert Bellah. Bellah fuses Parsons argument that America derives its values from Protestantism, with Durkheims belief that the worship of god is the disguised worship of society. From this Bellah develops a new kind of religious concept, that of a civil religion. Therefore despite the individual belief systems of American citizens, it is the overarching faith in America that unites Americans. Wallis (1983:44) cited in Jones, explains that Bellah finds evidence of civil religion in Presidential inaugurations and ceremonials such as Thanksgiving Day and Memorial Day are similarly held to integrate families into the civil religion, or to unify the community around its values. A further point to be made here is that generally civil religion does not hold to a belief in the supernatural. Bellah disagrees and says examples of confirmation in the supernatural can be seen or hea rd on a daily basis, phrases such as God Bless America and the words In God we trust on the national currency, he believes are prime examples of this. However Stevens asserts that this is not the god of any particular creed, but a god of America. For Bellah then civil religion creates a social cohesiveness by gathering people together to collectively partake in some form of ceremonial event. Therefore flag waving at a sporting event or lining the street to celebrate a royal marriage or death can bring about a united outpouring of joy or grief that in itself generates order. A contemporary example is the untimely death of Princess Diana. Her funeral witnessed a monumental combining of people, faiths and nations in a symbolic act of grief. Functionalist sociologists tend to emphasize what maintains society, not what changes it and are criticized for being unable to account for social change because it focuses so intently on social order and equilibrium in society. Functionalists have to take into account that change does happen in societies and that change is a good thing, and can represent progress. Jones says that the functionalist way around this is to use an organic analogy social progress occurs as it does with organisms as an evolutionary change. Bilton et al explain that this takes shape in the form of structural differentiationdifferentiation is a type of splitting or separation of a previously undivided unit, the new units differ in that they are more specialised in the functions they perform. Talcott Parsons, in his approach to social change, emphasises differentiation. According to Parsons, Institutions change, if the need of the system changes. An example of a system change stems from The Industrial Revol ution, which was facilitated by capitalism, was increasingly demanding technological advances to increase profit. In order to make this possible there was a need for more educated workforces. As a result the industrial economy needed a new form of family to perform these specialist functions. Thus, as one aspect of society changed the economy and production it required a comparable change in the educational system, bringing social life back into equilibrium. This new modernization of society, explains Marske, is associated with the increasing indifference of the individual from the traditional social bonds of an intimate network of diffuse social relationships. Due to a greater demand in the workforce people from all walks of life came together causing an increase in the cultural diversity within a particular society. As a result individuality became a more prominent feature; religion it seems was becoming less social and more personal. Durkheim would disagree with this statement as he believed it was possible to be an individual as well as social institution, he explains, In reality, the religion of the individual is a social institution like all known religions. It is society which assigns us this ideal as the sole common end which is today capable of providing a focus for mens wills. Dillon (2003) explains that social scientists and Western intellectuals have been promising the end of Religion for centuries, Comte announced that, as a result of modernization, human society was outgrowing the theological stage of social evolution and a new age was dawning which the science of sociology would replace religion as the basis or moral judgements. Durkheim predicted the gradual decrease in formal world religions; in post-enlightenment society he felt that there would be a greater emphasis on the individual. This he believed would lead to a weakening of ties in the modern world. In addition he envisaged that social solidarity and the collective conscience would be taken up by other institutions that would evolve into new forms of religious experience. Furthermore a maturing modernity would see scientific thinking replace religious thinking. As a consequence, Durkheim considered the concept of God to be on the verge of extinction. In its place he envisioned society as promoting civil religion, in which, for example, civic celebrations, parades, and patriotism take the place of church services. If traditional religion were to continue, he believed it would do so only as a means to preserve social cohesion and order. Parsons disagrees with this synopsis, with modern life will come structural frameworks that are more competitive and specialised, however they would still persist because religion is an adaptable structural framework for the explanation of inexplicable social phenomena. A criticism applied to the functionalists perspective stems from Durkheims analogy that societies and social institutions have personalities. To imagine that a society is a living, breathing organism is a difficult concept when in fact it is seen as an inorganic object. This creates what can said to be a philosophical problem and an ontological argument that society does not have needs as a human being does; and even if society does have needs they need not be met. The view here is that society is alive in the sense that it is made up of living individuals. What is not taken into account is that each individual is a different entity, with their own wants and needs. As part of the unit they can function and integrate within the group as a viable member. However individual life choices may not always create a positive function for the society as a whole. Functionalists in general tend to have a too positive view by believing that everything that exists in society does so because it has some kind of functional purpose. Robert Merton believed that it was entirely plausible for society to have dysfunctional elements. Durkheim also recognised that some forms of social life could be seen in the same way, however he did not use the term dysfunctional. In his work on crime, he noted that crime was functional to society, this seems to be a contradiction in that he also said, too high a level of crime might not be functional, because it could create a state of confusion regarding what constitutes the norms that applied to peoples lives. As a society dysfunctional actions, in particular criminal actions are frowned upon, and as a society we can become mob-handed in the way people come together to condemn an act of crime. Durkheim has a point to make here in that, people combine together, forming a collective cohesion in defining themselves against what they are not. Picturing society like a vast machine, Merton argues that a society should best be considered as a cross bet ween the cultural goals of a society-what it holds its members should strive for-and the means that are believed, legally or morally, to be legitimate ways that individuals should attain these goals. In an ideally organized society, the means will be available to deliver all of its members to their goals. One must take into account when analysing such theories that at the time of writing the world was a very different place to the one we live in today. Social anthropology has come under criticism for looking into primitive societies as a representation of unchanged societies criticism in particular stems from the lack of historical records that could confirm or deny any findings. Radcliffe-Brown considered this type of work a mistakehis belief was that the religious and ritual systems had to be understood in the context of the existing society and their role in that society. One could linger on Durkheims prediction that religion would decrease with modernity, religion here being in reference to the act of attending a social gathering in the worship of some form, whether it be totemic or divine. However an important point to note is that at the time when the Sociology of Religion was in its infancy, religious practice was more of a regular occurrence than one would perhaps find in todays society. However individuals are still irrevocably influenced by the role of religion in their own lives. Their beliefs and values allow them to feel supported in their everyday life; religion sets aside certain values and infuses them with special significance. Culture plays an important part here, as values, customs and beliefs combine to become a moral code by which societies adhere to and live by and pass on to future generations. Religion encourages collective worship be it in a church, mosque, temple, home or some other specified gathering place. Through the act of collective worship the individual is encouraged to feel part of a wider community. Today, societies are classed as more secular in their nature, yet if one consider the earlier statement about religion being an important form of social togetherness it would be easy to make analogies with the different groups that make up the society we inhabit. For example schools hold assemblies, awards evenings and performances all which can be seen as an example of community spirit and social cohesion. People as individuals, have interests outside of their immediate social groupings, this does not make them an outcast or outsider, and instead it promotes a sense of identity, individualism and the self. The writings of sociologists such as Durkheim, Comte, Radcliffe-Brown and Parsons are still important today, especially in comparing the way society sees religion. However, in contemporary society sociologists have a different set of problems to contend with as belief in modern society and materialism for many becomes a more vital moral value than partaking in a religious practice . BIBLIOGRAPHY Beckford, James A. (2003) Social Theory and Religion, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). Bilton et al, Introductory sociology 3rd Edn (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998). Casanova, Jose, Public Religions in the Modern World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995) Christiano, Kevin J., William Swatos Jr Peter Kivisto, Sociology of Religion: Contemporary Developments Lanham, 2nd edition (MD: Rowman Littlefield publishers, 2008). Comte, Auguste, A Dictionary of Sociology (3rd Ed), John Scott Gordon Marshall (eds), (Oxford: OUP, 2005). Coser, Lewis A. Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context, 2nd Ed., (Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1977), pp. 136-139, Coser, Lewis A. Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context, 2nd Ed., Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1977: 136-139, Dewar, Greg, Religious studies, Philosophy and Ethics, (London: Oxford University Press, 2002). Dillon, Michele, Handbook of the sociology of religion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). Durkheim, Emile, The Division of Labor in Society. Translated by, George Simpson. (New York: Free Press, 1893/1964). Durkheim, Emile, and Coser, Lewis A., The Division of Labor in Society. (Free Press, 1997) Durkheim, Emile. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life: A Study in Religious Sociology. Translated by, Joseph Ward Swain. (New York: Macmillan, 1915). E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Theories of primitive religion, (Oxford: Clarendon press, 1965). Emile Durkheim, Sociology and philosophy (New York: free press, 1974). Evans-Pritchard, E. E. Social Anthropology and Other Essays. ( London,1950).Contains a critique of Radcliffe-Browns functionalism from the perspective of historicism. Fulcher, J. Scott, J. Sociology, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). Giddens, Anthony, Durkheim, (London: Harper Collins, 1996). Goldschmidt Walter, Functionalism In Encyclopaedia of Cultural Anthropology, Vol 2. David Levinson and Melvin Ember, (eds) (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1996), p. 510. Hamilton, M, The sociology of religion, 2nd edition (Oxon: Routledge, 2001). Hunt, S. Religion in Western Society, (Hampshire: Palgrave, 2002). Jones, Pip, Introducing Social Theory, (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003). Jones, Robert Alun., Rules of the sociological method 1895, in Emile Durkheim: An Introduction to Four Major Works. (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1986), pp. 60-81. Macionis, J. Plummer, K. Sociology: A Global Introduction (Essex: Pearson, 2005). Merton, Robert, Social Theory and Social Structure, (USA: Macmillan, 1968), chapter 3. Orenstein, Ashley D. DM, Sociological theory: Classical statements 6th edition (Boston: Pearson Education, 2005), pp. 3-5: 32-36. Sociology Quarter, Durkheim as a functionalist, vol 16 no 3 (Summer, 1975), pp 36 -379. Thompson, Kenneth, (1982) Emile Durkheim, (Sussex: Ellis Horwood Limited, 1982). Winthrop, Robert H. 1991. Functionalism In Dictionary of Concepts in Cultural Anthropology (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991), p. 130. WEBLIOGRAPHY Functionalism, in Anthropology and Sociology The Columbia Electronic Encyclopaedia. 2000-2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Infoplease. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0819881.html (Accessed: 18.01.10). Functions OF religion learningat.ke7.org.uk/socialsciences/soc-sci/soc/a2/R. Accessed 14.1.10. CliffsNotes.com. Introduction to Religion. http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/topicArticleId-2695,articleId-26927.html. Accessed 10.1.10 Chris Livesey, Functionalist perspectives on Durkheim, www.sociology.org.uk Marjolin, Robert French sociology-Comte and Durkheim, University of Chicago press American journal of sociology, vol. 42, no 5 (Mar., 1937), pp693 -704. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2767763 (Accessed: 12.1.10.). Mark Glazer, Functionalism http://www.utpa.edu/faculty/mglazer/theory/functionalism.htm (Accessed: 13.12.09). Marske, Charles E, (1987) Durkheims Cult of the Individual and the Moral Reconstitution of Society, Sociological Theory, Vol. 5, No. 1, (American Sociological Association, 1987), pp. 1-14. http://www.jstor.org/stable/201987. Accessed: 17.01.10. The Azande, http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7829 (Accessed: 15/1/10). William J. Stevens, Religion: A Functionalist Assessment, http://www.helium.com/items841304-religion-a-functionalist-assessment. (Accessed: 24.11.09).

Religion Essay -- Secularization, Anomy

With a multiplicity of variances among the myriad forms of it which exist and have existed in the past, religion is a difficult topic on which people can come to any mutual agreements, especially regarding its purpose in the lives of human beings. Taking a sociological viewpoint of this phenomenon, Berger defines religion as the human endeavor, stimulated by man's unique biological constitution, by which a sacred cosmos is created for the purpose of establishing a sense of order and meaning within man's life and to protect him against the horrors of nothingness and chaos. Non-human animals enter worlds which are mapped out for them, with limited choices available and secure guidelines by which they must live. Man, however, has an â€Å"underspecialized and undirected† instinctual nature (5), so he must create his own world. This world-building, creating society, occurs in three steps. First, man pours out meaning into the environment which surrounds him and creates culture, a process known as externalization (5-6). The society and all of its parts that he creates, material and non-material, becomes â€Å"objectivated human activity† (11), in that its status as existing apart from the humans who created it changes it into objective reality that men collectively regard as fact. In the final step of world-building, through the process of socialization, man is not only taught the objectivated meanings of his society but â€Å"internalizes† them so that they shape his very consciousness (15). This socially constructed world is †Å"above all, an ordering of experience...a nomos† (19). By externalizing meaning upon an otherwise meaningless environment, transforming those meanings into objective realities, and internalizing them within consciousness, ... ...within the private sphere. The above argument aims to emphasize that religion is a powerful human construction which, in its use of the sacred as validating the world man creates, has the power to detach itself from its human origins and take on a reality all its own. Since man comes into the world with limited instincts and an overwhelming variety of choices to make, religion helps him to construct and maintain a world that gives him a sense of grounding, allowing everything he does to feel more ordered and meaningful than it otherwise would. So thoroughly comprehensive is religion that, even when secularizing forces remove religious legitimations from the overall social world, religion still maintains ordering, meaningful positions inside the private lives of people all over the world, remaining a sacred canopy under which human beings can feel safe and secure. Religion Essay -- Secularization, Anomy With a multiplicity of variances among the myriad forms of it which exist and have existed in the past, religion is a difficult topic on which people can come to any mutual agreements, especially regarding its purpose in the lives of human beings. Taking a sociological viewpoint of this phenomenon, Berger defines religion as the human endeavor, stimulated by man's unique biological constitution, by which a sacred cosmos is created for the purpose of establishing a sense of order and meaning within man's life and to protect him against the horrors of nothingness and chaos. Non-human animals enter worlds which are mapped out for them, with limited choices available and secure guidelines by which they must live. Man, however, has an â€Å"underspecialized and undirected† instinctual nature (5), so he must create his own world. This world-building, creating society, occurs in three steps. First, man pours out meaning into the environment which surrounds him and creates culture, a process known as externalization (5-6). The society and all of its parts that he creates, material and non-material, becomes â€Å"objectivated human activity† (11), in that its status as existing apart from the humans who created it changes it into objective reality that men collectively regard as fact. In the final step of world-building, through the process of socialization, man is not only taught the objectivated meanings of his society but â€Å"internalizes† them so that they shape his very consciousness (15). This socially constructed world is †Å"above all, an ordering of experience...a nomos† (19). By externalizing meaning upon an otherwise meaningless environment, transforming those meanings into objective realities, and internalizing them within consciousness, ... ...within the private sphere. The above argument aims to emphasize that religion is a powerful human construction which, in its use of the sacred as validating the world man creates, has the power to detach itself from its human origins and take on a reality all its own. Since man comes into the world with limited instincts and an overwhelming variety of choices to make, religion helps him to construct and maintain a world that gives him a sense of grounding, allowing everything he does to feel more ordered and meaningful than it otherwise would. So thoroughly comprehensive is religion that, even when secularizing forces remove religious legitimations from the overall social world, religion still maintains ordering, meaningful positions inside the private lives of people all over the world, remaining a sacred canopy under which human beings can feel safe and secure.

A Poison Tree essay

The poem â€Å"A Poison Tree† talks about the two ways to deal with anger. The first two lines deal with how we should deal with it but the rest of it talks about the wrath that the speaker has. The main theme of this poem is not anger but how anger can be cultivated. It shows how not bringing your anger up to the surface and dealing with it directly with the person you are angry with, this anger can be germinated into something poisonous and destructive.This poem is appropriate for Songs of Experience rather than for Songs of innocence because if it would be a song of innocence the human mind and soul would want to let the anger out in order to keep their soul clean of any bad thoughts. Innocence is a state of genuine love and naive trust towards all humankind, accompanied by unquestioned belief in Christian Doctrine. Songs of Experience deals with the loss of innocence after exposure to the material world and all of its mortal sin during adult life.This poem shows how the sp eaker is cultivating his anger and is seeking to destroy his â€Å"foe†. At the end of the poem we see how the hatred got the best of him. The anger grew into this poisonous fruit that when his enemy ate it he faced death. Nowhere in this poem it shows that his â€Å"foe† had any anger thoughts towards the speaker yet he was so blind by the anger that he probably didn’t even realize it since he was too busy feeding his anger.Also this is a Songs of Experience because at the beginning of the poem we see the wisdom that it has when it tells us â€Å"I was angry with my friend; / I told my wrath, my wrath did end. † It’s giving us a wise advice for our lives showing that the speaker posses wisdom not â€Å"innocence†Ã¢â‚¬â€stupidity. The poison tree that this poem talks about can be a symbol to the tree of forbidden knowledge from the bible. The speaker has this poisonous fruit that it’s there to tempt his foe to eat it to be destroyed. The foe sneaks into the garden and steals the fruit not being able to see that the tree is poisonous leading to his death. Just like in the bible God told Adam and Eve that if they were to eat from that tree they would face death the speaker’s foe faced the same fate. He was tempted and he had fallen. At this the speaker was satisfied and with the death of his foe his anger died. Mercy, pity, peace, and love cannot be connected to anger since these have no relations with anger. If not able to deal with anger a person doesn’t have mercy towards the person that they are angry at.They are not in peace with themselves they are always thinking of a way to get back at them and definitely have no love towards them. This poem is not a Songs of Innocence since anger at the point to want to hurt the other person is malicious and it comes with negative thoughts gained from experience not naive thoughts from those like children. Anger needs to be handled in the best manner possibl e and not let it germinate into something poisonous and destructive because at the end it harms both one that’s angry and the person you’re angry at

Working Hard Drinking Hard Is An Ethnography Written By...

Working Hard Drinking Hard is an ethnography written by Adrienne Pine who is an Anthropologist that focused her research work based out of Honduras and it took place from 1997-2003. Honduras is a country located in Central America neighbouring to Nicaragua and Guatemala. Throughout field notes, audio, and video clips along with participant observation Adrienne Pine was able to capture the way of life for certain Hondurans who were able to tell her their stories. Poverty has been a key association of many issues for the Honduran people and has had a tremendous impact on: work and employment, alcohol abuse, and violence within the community. Poverty is a major issue that many Hondurans are faced with each and everyday. In 2002, 77.3%†¦show more content†¦This is because large corporations can take advantage of developing countries and not abide to the same standards of ethics and employment treatment as they would in a developed country and Pine was able to demonstrate that through her ethnography. â€Å"In the Maquiladoras the workers are 70% women, they are subject to poor working conditions and sexual harassment. Illegal work practices also occur such as firing pregnant women and denying maternity leave. Women are paid less than men and are let go around the age of 30 with very few skills.† (Pine 2008, p.142) This shows that although the Maquiladora industries are able to provide employment to those in poverty, the end result does not help these men and women prepare for a future outside of their alienated tasks at these factories and they are also subject to unethical practices, making it clear the poverty affects the work of Hondurans. Another academic source The Economist published an article in 1997 which was during the uproar of the clothing manufacturing industries and had this to say about what they found out on the Maquiladora industries: â€Å"In the worst sweatshops, women work 16-hour days with a single half-hour break. Some work 80 hours a week without overtime pay or take